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Congress, ) SENATE. J Document 

Session. \ | No. 518. 



BIRTHDAY SPEECH OF SENATOR ( HArNCEY M. DEI'EW. 



Mr. Bradley. Mr. Pri'-suloiit, on the 28(1 of April hist the senior 
Senator from Now York [Mr. Depkw] delivorcd a most notable 
address at the uniuial dinner given him by the Montank Cbib, of 
Brooklyn, in eclebi-ation of his ])irthday. The address is replete 
with historical information of great value to i\\v people of the United 
States. The Senator on that occasion spoke in his usually entertain- 
ing and elo<]uent manner In view of the historical value of the 
address and the liiu'h standing- of the Senator from New Y'ork, I 
move that it may be printed as a Senate document. 

The Vice-President. Without objection, the re(iuest is complied 
with. 



^I.w 2, 1910. — Ordered to be printed. 



Mr. President and Gentlemen: 

No language can express fittingly my pleasure at the renewal of your 
greeting. For nearly two decades you have gathered annually in honor 
of my ])irthd:iy. Members of all political parties, and all religious 
faiths, men in the })rofessions, in l>usiness, in journalism, in literature, 
in the multifarious activities and antagonisms of American life, lay 
their differences aside for this festive night, as they have done during 
all these years. This holding in abeyance and suspension the antago- 
nisms which divide men ui)on many lines is only ordinarily possible at 
a funeral. Even in that case, some go as far as did the late Judge 
Hoar, who detested Wendell Phillips, and when retpiested by the family 
to be a pallbearer, sent back woril declining, but with the remark, 
" I ai)pro\ (' of the proceedings." It is a refutation of the universal 
charge against us that we are so al)sorbed in materialism that we have 
lost all fticulty for the healthv enjoyment of association and that attri- 
tion of minds without rancor which promotes truth and longevit}', for 
to-night, whatever we were yesterday or will be to-morrow, is devoted 
whole-heartedly and unseltishly to comradeship and good-fellowship. 



BIRTHDAY SPEECH OF SENATOR CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. 



ECCf 



At 76 the world ought to seem no different on its spiritual, its eth- 
ical, and its human side than it did at 46. A statesman and politician 
who had won man}- distinctions and been ])lessed with a multitude of 
devoted followers closed his career and his life with the pathetic 
inciuirv, '' What does it all amount to f If I siiould attempt to estimate 
what the world had all amounted to for me from the day 1 entered 
Peekskill Academy at 10 years of age until this hour, volumes would 
not suffice, and, therefore, I sum it all up in this, "For a long life, 
abounding in good things, in a capacity for enjoying everything, in 
reciprocal attachments and contributions with multitudes of men and 
women, in more than my share of lu^alth and of happiness, I reverently 
thank (lod both that I am alive and that 1 have lived." 

I read an account the other day of a Russian, named Ivan Kusman, 
who was admitted to the hospital in St. Petersburg at the age of 138. 
He remembered Napoleon's burning of Moscow, and the few incidents 
that occur in the career of a Russian peasant. He Avas an agricultural 
laborer for a mere pittance during this whole period, and could neither 
read nor write. That is not an experience to l)e envied. It enforces 
Tennyson's lines, ''Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay.'' 
But, on the contrary, when you think of Auber composing his best 
operas at 89, and Manual Garcia still an instructor in vocal culture at 
100, and Whittier singing immortal songs at 85, you are in contact 
with men who have li\ed and who know '"what it all amounts to.'' 

There is an eastern maxim that every man at 10 is either a fool or 
a physician. It is eminently true. That old Italian, Carnaio. who 
found all of his associates in Venice dying at 10, made up his mind 
that these tragedies were due to excesses. He had the strength of 
will to adopt a very severe but frugal regimen, both in eating and 
drinking. At 80 he published his experiences for the ))enetit of those 
who were still dying or likely to die at 10. At 90 and at 100 he repeated 
the pul)lication and enforced the lesson of the happiness which had 
come to him with health and longevity, declaring the same might be 
shared by every man. His plan was very simple. He selected out of 
the many things he liked a few for his table, masticated thoroughly, 
long before Fletcherism was known, and limited the (piantity by 
measurement upon the scales to half what he iiad usually devoured, 
reduced his wine to the minimum, and at that time tobacco had not 
been discovered. 

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BIRTHDAY SPEECH OF SENATOR CllAUNC'EV M. DKFEW. 3 

Fit"t\' -four years in piihlic iind sciiiipuhlic life ami upon tlir plal foiin 
all over this coiiiitrv and in Kiuopc for all sorts of objects in e\'ery 
department of human interest have *^iven me a lait^er acquaintance 
than almost anybody livinjr The sum of ()l)s«'ivatioii and experienco 
af gTOwing" out of this opportuiuty is that LTi'antetl normal ((niditions, nf) 
^ hereditary troubles, and barring- accidents and pla<4ues, the man wIkj 
dies before seventy conmiits suicide. Mourninjj;" the loss of friends 
has led me to study the causes of their earlier departure. It could 
in\ariably be traced to intemperance in the broadest sense of that 
word; intemperance in eatintf. in drinking, in the gratification of 
desires, in Avork and in iri-eoularity of hours, crowning it all with 
unnecessarj" worry. Pythagoras said •" Beware of ballots if 3^ou wish 
to live long." In other words, the old philosopher advised keeping out 
of politics. In his time the defeatinl \r,\vty ran the I'isk of death, or 
imprisonment, or exile, and so the advice was good, " Bew^arc of l)al- 
lots." But, in our countr}' where the citizen is a sovereign and 
responsible for the government of his country, his state, his city, his 
village or his town, an active interest in public affairs and party man- 
agement gives health}' circulation to the blood, healthy exercise and 
activit}' to the nuiscles, and inspiration and enlargement to the nund, 
and satisfaction in results which all tend to length of years and use- 
fulness. 

The year of my bii'th, IS34. seems a long way oil' on the calendar 
but miglity short in the retrospect. The Koman Emperor Hadrian 
spent the revenues of an empire upon astrologers who should fore- 
cast his future from the conjunction of the stars at his ))irth. If you 
are so inclined, you can have that work done now for 5U cents. lUit, 
suppose we leave the stars to the astronomer and come down to earth. 
In 1884: Cardinal (libbons. Doctor Eliot of Harvard, President Benja- 
min Harrison, Justice Harlan of the Supreme Court, Colonel Robert 
G. IngersoU, and Edmund Clarence Stedm:in. the poet, also fell under 
the inHuence of the powers of Heaven and earth which started them 
on their careers. Every year has its distinction. Init this one seems 
to have brought forth more than most others of the things which have 
influenced the world. In it were organized the lirst National Tem- 
perance Association ami the first National Anti Slaver}- Societ}'. 

The idea of temperance at that time was purely voluntary. Statu- 
tory restrictions had not been dreamed of. At that time and for 
twenty years afterward drunkenness was our national vice. At a large 



4 BIRTHDAY SPEECH OF SENATOR CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. 

dinner like this a considerable portion of the guests would always be 
hopelessly gone, and at private dinners of fourteen, sixteen, or twenty 
it was common for several of the guests to be disgracefully drunk. 
This never occurs now, either at public or private entertainments, no 
matter how free the wine. 

The purport of the antislavery movement was perfectly understood 
by the slaveholders and their sympathizers. Meetings in New York 
and in Philadelphia were broken up by riots which sometimes lasted for 
days and in which many were injured and large amounts of property 
destroyed. In Connecticut a mob with a brass 1)and interrupted a 
lecturer for the abolition of slavery and drove him out of Norwich 
to the tune of "The Rogues' March." The legislatures of the South- 
ern States called upon the Northern States to prohibit the printing of 
antislavery publications and did prohibit their circulation in their Com- 
monwealths. President Jackson sent a message to Congress recom- 
mending the passage of an act for the suppression of antislavery lit- 
erature. 

The agitation begun by the formation of the National Anti-Slavery 
Society in 1834 continued with increasing volume and vehemence. 
The society preached the horrors of slavery and then on the patriotic 
side a sentiment that the Declaration of Independence should be true 
in spirit as well as in letter. After thirty years, at the cost of a mil- 
lion lives, and directly and indirectly of ten thousand millions of dol- 
lars, and up to date three thousand millions in pensions, slavery was 
abolished and the Declaration of Independence made true in our 
Country, both in letter and in spirit. 

In that year occurred the first record of a beat in journalism which 
has become the life of the press. The Journal of Commerce estab- 
lished relays of horses between New York and Philadelphia and 
secured the news of the White House and of Congress a day earlier 
than the other New York papers. 

There was great intellectual activity in the country resulting in 
breaking away from the old universities. A liberal education was 
thought impossible except at Yale, or Harvard, or Columbia, or 
Princeton, but in that ^ear there were twelve colleges founded in dif- 
ferent parts of the country, all of which are now successful and have 
done magnificent work in higher education. 

Andrew Jackson was President of the United States and William L. 
Marcv 2-overnor of the State of New York. The President gave his 



KTRTIIDAY SPEECIJ OF SENATOR CIIArXCKV M. I^F.PKW. 5 

approviil to the party ])l!itf()nii. "That political woikrrs :ir(' to be 
rewarded with political otiices, and political parties are to l)e held 
together by the cohesive power of public plunder." That doctrine 
controlled the civil service of the United States without check or hin- 
drance for over tifty years. In that year the United States national 
debt was paid off and the country started with a clean slate. In that 
vear General Jackson gave his famous order for the icnioval of gov- 
ernment deposits from the banks. This was the begimiing of an agi- 
tation which threw our linancial system into ciiaos. It made impos- 
sible currency upon a scientitic basis, and was the fruitful mother of 
the countrv-wide and disastrous panics which have so often shaken 
our tinancial and industiial stability. The most delicate, ditiicult, and 
dangerous of all the functions of government, the one uj^on whose 
proper creation and administration rests the whole fabric of national 
and individual credit, the one which should be adjusted and settled by 
the lessons of the experience of highly organized governments for 
hundreds of years, has from that time to this been the sport of party 
warfare, political passion, and partisanship. The dead hand of that 
great, strong man still holds our financial system by the throat. 

Our institutions and political policy came from England and were 
so moditied by our ancestors as to meet conditions under a republican 
form of government and the expansive necessities of the new country. 
All power in the mother land was originally in the throne. By suc- 
ceeding revolutions the pet)ple gained more and more power until now 
they have it all, and in many respects Great Britain in its government 
is the most democratic of all countries. On the other hand, we began 
with a distrust of executive power and authority and our evolution 
has been the other way. Our first confederacy was a rope of sand. 
In our government under the Constitution we protected ourselves 
against the executive by a clear definition of his powers, by the right 
to override his veto by Congress, by the veto upon him from the 
Supreme Court, and the power of impeachment. ( )ur early Presidents 
who had taken part in the formation of the government were in 
thorough harmony with these limitations upon the President, and with 
the apprehension of kingly authority which had brought them al)out. 
With Jackson a new generation came into the government, a genera- 
tion removed from the experiences and opinions of the revolution. 
The leader of this generation was one of the strongest, most self- 
centered, autocratic and arl)itrary of men who have ever appeared in our 



6 BIRTHDAY SPEECH OF SENATOR CHATTNCEY M. DEPEW. 

public life. He not only defied Congress and the courts, but won the 
applause of the people and changed public opinion as to the powers 
and duties of the President. From his time until now there has been 
not only in the Central Government, but in the States, a growing dis- 
trust of the representatives of the people in Congress and in the legis- 
latures and an increasing confidence in Presidents and governors. The 
literature of our magazines and of a large portion of the press casts 
doubt upon and arouses suspicion of the actions and the methods of 
successive Congresses and legislatures and appeals to the President or 
the governors to control and lead them. The writers put their faith 
in the executive and justify everything that he may do on the ground 
that the only safety of the people is in the strength, integrity, and 
courage of the executive against their betrayal by their representatives. 

And yet, any competent man who will conscientiously and impartially 
study the question must come to the conclusion that the conditions of 
our National Congress are to-day infinitely better than ever before. 
There is no lobby at Washington. There are no interests there seeking 
to influence Senators and Members. For the times in which we live, 
for the varied necessities of our Government, for the legislation so 
much more diflicult than it was in earlier days, both Houses of Con- 
gress, in ability and patriotism, will stand favorable comparison with 
what are called the great days of Webster, Clay, and Calhoun. With 
Grant began tiie system of not only recommending legislation to Con- 
gress but transmitting bills prepared to carry that legislation into 
effect, and this by evolution has become the common practice. 

In 183-1: Abraham Lincoln was elected to the legislature of Illinois 
and began his extraordinary public career. 

In 1834 Chicago received one mail a week, carried on horseback 
from Niles, Mich., and in 1834 the Whig party was formed out of the 
disruption of the old Federal organization and Democrats who were 
anti-slavery and believed in a liberal construction of the Constitution. 

We can go back to this period for the beginning of the extraordi- 
nary change which has taken place in our business methods and social 
life. A railroad was built from Jerse}^ City to New Brunswick and 
projected on to Trenton. A start was made on the Erie Road, The 
Harlem, \\ Inch extended through the fields from the present site of 
the city hall in New York to the end of Manhattan Island, crossed the 
Ilni'lem Kivcr. In other words, from small beginnings of a few miles 
for local traffic the expansion which began in 1834 has in seventy-six 



BIRTHDAY SPEECH OF SENATOR CIIArNCEY M. DEPEW. 7 

years covered the couiitrv with 28-l,0()0 miles of railwj'.y iiiilcjif^t' iiiid 
developed new territories with a speed unknown in th(> history of ini- 
ini.Lrration and settlement. It has transformed our laud from isohited 
eonunuuities in which individual initiative and enterprise supplied 
neiirlv all the manufactures which they required into jjfreat centers of 
industries wdiere mills and factories with enormous capital can, because 
of cheap transportation, oct their raw material from crroat distances 
and oive universal distribution to the maiuifaetured product and place 
their output upon the market at a cost so low as to make competition 
l)v th(^ individual impossible. More and more the United States be- 
cause of cheaper cost is bringino- into every department of human 
industry greater capital and larger employment. It has produced, on 
the one hand, the gigantic corporation, and on the other, in self-de- 
fense, the lal)or unions. 

The problems growing out of this development are the ones which 
this generation faces and of which the preceding ones were ignorant. 
There can be no reasonable doubt that the proper method of dealing 
with these great (piestions is not by government ownei.>hii) but gov- 
enuuent control. Corporations are to grow larger and com})iiuitions 
stronger. It is the inevitable tendency of the times. The safety of 
the i)eople is to be in having the hand of the government, through 
responsible commissions and courts, upon every process of organiza- 
tion and operation, in freipumt reports and publicity, in the ])ress 
constantly informing the people and in the President and Congress, 
governors and the legislatures, being in constant and enlightened 
touch with the situation. It is thus that we can promote beneficent 
expansion, give opportunity for individual initiative and prevent 
monopolistic control. 

Just now there is l)oth sutl'ering and alarm l)ecause of high prices, 
1 have not much sympathy with those who say that this condition is 
due to national extravagance. There was tremendous complaint of 
high prices in 1835. There is on tile in the Treasury Department a 
copybook of the expenses of a clerk who wanted an increase of salary 
because of the unusually high cost of living. His family consisted of 
live persons and his food for the year cost him $388.10. The Bureau 
of Labor of the Government estimated last year that the food for a 
similar family now would be ^312.9:i. This clerk says that his boots 
cost him ^3.75. his cotton sheeting 10 cents a yard (both now are 
a])out the same), his lamp oil ^c^l a gallon (now 10 cents), ))lacking of 



8 BIRTHDAY SPEECH OF SENATOR CHATJNCEY M. DEPEW. 

shoes 25 cents a shine (now 5 cents), tlour SS a barrel (now |7), trans- 
portation for himself and wife from Washington to Martinsburg, Va., 
and return $32.03 (now $8.02), Martinsburg being 77 miles from 
Washington; an ordinary cooking stove $49 (now about $16.50), and 
a iirkin of butter $10.22 (now about $21.50). Extravagance is a 
relative, not a positive, condition. Nobod}' would live now as the 
whole country did in 1834 and 1835. Both men and women of that 
period were largely the manufacturers of their own clothes in their 
own houses. They cultivated their own little gardens without help. 
If they kept a horse, as many of them did, the care of the animal, the 
mending of the harness and the painting and repairing of the wagon 
were all done by the head of the family. The wife made the children's 
clothes, and ran the house and a kindergarten. 

The laborer who comes here from abroad and continues, as he will for 
a time, to live as he did at home finds that upon our wages he is saving 
money rapidly and accumulating, according to his ideas, a comforta- 
ble fortune. In fact, many, retaining their habits of living which 
they brought with them, go back in a few years to lives of ease on 
little places upon the Continent. That sort of thing is carrying out 
of the United States a hundred million of dollars a year, but those 
who remain to become citizens, and those who are born here and are 
citizens, desire to live as an American artisan should and will live, in 
housing, clothing, food, educational opportunities for the children, and 
surplus for travels, books, and pleasure, which make the glory of 
American citizenship. By our system of protection we have made it 
possible for the American workingman to receive wages in many cases 
double and in all cases nnich larger than in other countries. But we 
have not as yet protected him against competition by immigrants who 
will work for what he can not afford to work for and live as he will not 
and should not be asked to do. 

The most beneficent of the changes which have occurred during my 
time have been the laws granting rights to women. In my earlier 
days a woman's property was her husband's, his debts were hers, and 
it was not until 1848 that she could have her independent possessions 
or safet}' in any business she might undertake. It was still later that 
she was accorded the privilege of a higher education and her intel- 
lectual necessities as well as ability considered to be fully equal to 
man's. As I used to travel through the country on railway-inspection 
trips I noticed at every station a crowd of idlers. They knew the 



BIRTHDAY SPEECH OF SENATOR C'HAUNCEY M. DEPEW. 9 

names of tlio trains, of the coiKliiclors, und t he ('iiL;iii<'<'is. mid were eager 
to toll the \vaitiiit>- traveler whether No, :i was hife or tlie Empire State 
P^xpress on time. I noticed that the\' disappeared at noon and at alxnit 
(). L'pon iii((uiry I found that they were supported hy their wi\'('s. 
These capable, hard-workiiiiif. enereetic women wei-e dicssiiiukers or 
milliners or kept little stores, and their worthless husbands hung 
around the depot because they had no other means of passin<r away 
time unless the circus was in town or elections in progress, and turned 
uj) invaritibly for meals which had been earned by the wife. This 
experience has done more than all things else to bring me toward 
woman sull'rage. for in all these cases she is assuredly the l)etter half. 

l*eople are all influenced largely by their point of view rather than the 
merits of the question. When Captain Schmittberger in New Ycn-k 
arrested a sleepwalker, the man said. •"Hold on; you nuist not arrest 
me. I am a sonmambulist." 'T don't care a cuss what your religion 
is,"' said the Captain: '"you can't walk the street in my precinct in 
your nightshirt." 

Anyone who has had the opportunity to watch closely for half a 
century the psychological development of people finds many interest- 
ing results. Tlie vast majority are neighborly, generous, sympathetic, 
and kindly. In the evolution of inliuences the other sort sometimes 
take the lead. The man who inquires about your health with a sug- 
gestion that you are in a decline, who sympathetically wants to know 
wh}" your wife or daughter or son was not at church last Sunday, with 
an intimation that he considers his or her condition rather serious, 
who hastens to drop everything to convey to you some bad new^s, is 
conunon in every comnumity. If some provincial journal which you 
are never likely to see has a mean article about you this candid friend 
bu3's two copies, puts them in sealed envelopes, with 2-cent stamps 
attached so that you will be sure to open them, and mails one to your 
wife and one to yourself. I wonder what this person, who fears or is 
ashamed to give his name or address, gets in i-eturn for this invest- 
ment of 4 cents, lie may gloat over imaginary suti'ering as worth 
that expenditure, but lan never be sure that his bolt hits the mark. 
He is a blind speculator in malice and meanness. 

Coming from a long railway journey I landed in the (irand Central 
Depot one morning between -t and 5 o'clock. A man stepped up to me 
and said in regard to a very dear and valued friend: '* Have you heard 
about Jim T' 1 said. •'No. Whatf He hit me a whack in the back 



10 BIRTHDAY SPEECH OF SENATOK CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. 

that sent me off the platform onto the rails and shouted, "He is dead. 
M3'(Todl he is dead." When I recovered sufficiently, I said, "How 
came 3'ou to be here at this early hour C The answer was, " The family 
sent me to meet you and break the news gently." 

There is a singular prevalence, temporary I am sure, of this senti- 
ment just now. A well-known writer, whose contributions are ver}" 
acceptable to the magazines, told me that he thought there had been 
quite enough of misrepresentation and unfair criticism of President 
Taft and his administration, and so he wrote some articles stating the 
conclusions which he had arrived at, and the reasons for them, which 
were favorable to the President. His employers, the publishers, said, 
"Our readers don't want that. If you have any scandal about any 
pu))lic man or about Congress with enough truth to make it, when 
properly presented, seem to be very bad and, therefore, sensational, 
that suits our i-eaders and increases our circulation." 

1 heard a story from a journalistic friend, who publishes a broad and 
liberal paper, that the proprietor of one of the newspapers who makes 
this view of measures and men a .specialty, having been absent for 
some time, turned up in the editorial rooms and called the staff' about 
him and wanted to know if they had been off' on a vacation. " Why?" 
said the astonished manager and editor. "Because," said the boss, "I 
have not .seen anything which Hays or dis.sects anybod}' for a week." 
"But," said the manager, " no one of any account has said or done 
anything for a week." " ^^'elL" said the boss, *' we have got to keep 
up our reputation or lose our circulation. Take the hide off' Bishop 
Potter." 

The boys of my period were inspired as no other generation has 
been ])y books by the Waverley novels. If the ground was suscepti- 
ble, they created statesmen, soldiers, and poets, and aroused ambitions 
in receptive minds to be followed by the best efforts of which the}' 
were capable. It was a liberal education to read Dickens's novels as 
they came out one after another; the enjoyment in the last and the 
eager expectancy of the next were sensations never forgotten. Dick- 
ens's intimate picture of the life of the ordinary home, its joys, its sor- 
rows, its comedies and tragedies, touched every heart and broadened 
every mind. So, when Thackeray's novels began to appear, their 
exquisite literature, their superb English, their masterh' dissection of 
human motives and springs of action gave exquisite pleasure and cre- 
ated a generation of l)rilliant thinkers and yreat writers. 



BIRTHDAY SPEECH OF SENATOR CHAUNCEY M. DKPKW. 1] 

Two years aoo. while in Europe, 1 was at one of the l)i«,^ hotels 
at a watering- plaee on the C'ontinent. The table of the readinj,^ 
rootn was strewn with cheap editions which the visitors had read and 
left behind. I never dreamed that so much eroticism, nastiness, and 
])rutal depravity could be printed and sold by reputable t)ooksellers. 
But a popular writer told me that the publishers claimed this was the 
public taste and it demanded novels whose basic action should be 
domestic infelicities brought about by faithless wives and hus])and.s 
and immoral adventuresses, and that no detail should be omitted which 
would give spice to the narrative. This sort of thing can 1)6 done in 
a French novel so as to seem a work of art. but in P^nglish it becomes 
the quintessence of badness and vulgarity. In the course of a half 
century I have noticed these cycles. It is difficult to decide whether 
they are protests against Puritanism or a certain and sudden eagerness 
to show that contact with the worst is not injurious. Happily, this 
deluge of tilth did not sweep over our country, and the reaction in 
Europe is leading to happy results. Serious books by eminent men 
upon live topics and with lofty ends are becoming popular, and the 
wmgs of genius, scoured of mud, are working to lift the novel, which 
is the companion and ])reacher of our daily life, into the air which was 
breathed ])y Walter Scott, Dickens, Thackeray, and Kiugsley. 

Unhappy is the man who is not so nmch dissatisfied with what he 
has as with what the other fellow possesses. Happy is the man who, 
looking over his life, its associations, its incidents and accidents, its 
friendships and its enmities, would not exchange with anyone, living- 
or dead. A successful politician who incurred a great deal of abuse 
used to comfort himself l)y saying of his critic, " That man will die 
and go to hell." He always came into my office immediately after one 
of his enemies had departed and would simply remark, "' He is 
there." The result of this gentleman's view of those who disagreed 
with him led to a general exclamation when he died himself, " Well, 
he is there." 

Galileo, being one day in the cathedral at Pisa, watched the oscilla- 
tions of a lamp suspended from the ceiling. He observed that the 
vibrations were performed in equal time, and from that he invented 
the clock and the machinery whose accuracy created modern astron- 
omy. But people had been watching the swinging of that lamp for 
hundreds of years and saw nothing in it. Its lesson came to Galileo 
because he was the most eminent of the trained scientists of his time. 



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